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I give up. As much as I want to share my own version of these golden rules, I guess nobody can say it better than the author himself.

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I am talking about the legendary investor Sir John Templeton’s “16 Rules for Investment Success” which was originally published in 1993 in World Monitor: The Christian Science Monitor Monthly.

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For me, the beauty of these rules is that it does not prescribe a superior method for stock-picking, a shortcut analysis, or require the implementation of rigorous portfolio management process to achieve long-term investment success. The rules pertain mostly on what we investors already know, but we often forget, overlook, or choose to disregard.

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Since I read the article a few years back, I anchored my investment plans, philosophies and strategies to these golden rules and it has served me superbly well.

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16 RULES FOR INVESTMENT SUCCESS

by Sir John Templeton

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I can sum up my message by reminding you of Will Rogers’ famous advice.

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“Don’t gamble, ” he said. “Buy some good stock. Hold it till it goes up…and then sell it. If it doesn’t go up, don’t buy it!”

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There is much wisdom as humor in this remark. Success in the stock market is based on the principle of buying low and selling high. Granted, one can make money by reversing the order — selling high, and then buying low. And there is money to be made in those strange animals, options and futures. But, by and large, these are techniques for traders and speculators, not for investors. And I am writing as a professional investor, one who has enjoyed a certain degree of success as an investment counselor over the past half-century — and who wishes to share with others the lessons learned during this time.

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Rule No. 1 Invest for maximum total return

This means the return on invested dollars after taxes and after inflation.

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This is the only rational objective for most long-term investors. Any investment strategy that fails to recognize the insidious effect of taxes and inflation fails to recognize the true nature of the investment environment and thus is severely handicapped.

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It is vital that you protect purchasing power. One of the biggest mistakes people make is putting too much money into fixed-income securities.

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Rule No. 2 Invest – Don’t trade or speculate

The stock market is not a casino, but if you move in and out of stocks every time they move a point or two, or if you continually sell short… or deal only in options…or trade in futures…the market will be your casino. And, like most gamblers, you may lose eventually–or frequently.

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You may find your profits consumed by commissions. You may find a market you expected to turn down turning up–and up, and up–in defiance of all your careful calculations and short sales. Every time a Wall Street news announcer says, “This just in,” your heart will stop.

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Keep in mind the wise words of Lucien Hooper, a Wall Street legend: “What always impresses me,” he wrote, “is how much better the relaxed, long-term owners of stock do with their portfolios than the traders do with their switching of inventory (of stocks). The relaxed investor is usually better informed and more understanding of essential values; he is more patient and less emotional; he pays smaller capital gains taxes; he does not incur unnecessary brokerage commissions; and he avoids behaving like Cassius by ‘thinking too much.'”

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Rule No. 3 Remain flexible and open-minded about types of investment

There are times to buy blue chip stocks, cyclical stocks, corporate bonds, U.S. Treasury instruments and so on. And there are times to sit on cash, because sometimes cash enables you to take advantage of investment opportunities.

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The fact is there is no one kind of investment that is always best. If a particular industry or type of security becomes popular with investors, that popularity will always prove temporary and–when lost–may not return for many years.

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Rule No. 4 Buy LOW

Of course, you say, that’s obvious. Well, it may be, but that isn’t the way the market works. When prices are high, a lot of investors are buying a lot of stocks. Prices are low when demand is low. Investors have pulled back, people are discouraged and pessimistic.

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When almost everyone is pessimistic at the same time, the entire market collapses. More often, just stocks in particular fields fall. Industries such as automaking and casualty insurance go through regular cycles. Sometimes stock of companies like the thrift institutions or money-center banks fall out of favor all at once.

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Whatever the reason, investors are on the sidelines, sitting on their wallets. Yes, they tell you: “Buy low, sell high.” But all too many of them bought high and sold low. Then you ask: “When will you buy the stock?” The usual answer: “Why, after analysts agree on a favorable outlook.”

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This is foolish, but it is human nature. It is extremely difficult to go against the crowd–to buy when everyone else is selling or has sold, to buy when things look darkest, to buy when so many experts are telling you that stocks in general, or in this particular industry, or even in this particular company, are risky right now.

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But, if you buy the same securities everyone else is buying, you will have the same results as everyone else. By definition, you can’t outperform the market if you buy the market. And chances are if you buy what everyone else is buying you will do so only after it is already overpriced.

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Heed the words of the great pioneer of stock analysis Benjamin Graham: “Buy when most people…including experts…are pessimistic, and sell when they are actively optimistic.”

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Bernard Baruch, advisor to presidents, was even more succinct: “Never follow the crowd.”

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So simple in concept. So difficult in execution.

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Rule No. 5 When buying stocks, search for BARGAINS among QUALITY stocks

Quality is a company strongly entrenched as the sales leader in a growing market. Quality is a company that’s the technological leader in a field that depends on technical innovation. Quality is a strong management team with a proven track record. Quality is a well-capitalized company that is among the first into a new market. Quality is a well-known trusted brand for a high-profit-margin consumer product.

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Naturally, you cannot consider these attributes of quality in isolation. A company may be the low-cost producer, for example, but it is not a quality stock if its product line is falling out of favor with customers. Likewise, being the technological leader in a technological field means little without adequate capitalization for expansion and marketing.

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Determining quality in a stock is like reviewing a restaurant. You don’t expect it to be 100% perfect, but before it gets three or four stars you want it to be superior.

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Rule No. 6 Buy value, not market trends or the economic outlook

A wise investor knows that the stock market is really a market of stocks. While individual stocks may be pulled along momentarily by a strong bull market, ultimately it is the individual stocks that determine the market, not vice versa. All too many investors focus on the market trend or economic outlook. But individual stocks can rise in a bear market and fall in a bull market.

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The stock market and the economy do not always march in lock step. Bear markets do not always coincide with recessions, and an overall decline in corporate earnings does not always cause a simultaneous decline in stock prices. So buy individual stocks, not the market trend or economic outlook.

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Rule No. 7 Diversify. In stocks and bonds, as in much else, there is safety in numbers 

No matter how careful you are, you can neither predict nor control the future. A hurricane or earthquake, a strike at a supplier, an unexpected technological advance by a competitor, or a government-ordered product recall–any one of these can cost a company millions of dollars. Then, too, what looked like such a well-managed company may turn out to have serious internal problems that weren’t apparent when you bought the stock.

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So you diversify–by industry, by risk, and by country. For example, if you search worldwide, you will find more bargains–and possibly better bargains–than in any single nation.

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Rule No. 8 Do your homework or hire wise experts to help you

People will tell you: Investigate before you invest. Listen to them. Study companies to learn what makes them successful.

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Remember, in most instances, you are buying either earnings or assets. In free-enterprise nations, earnings and assets together are major influences on the price of most stocks.

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If you expect a company to grow and prosper, you are buying future earnings. You expect that earnings will go up, and because most stocks are valued on future earnings, you can expect the stock price may rise also.

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If you expect a company to be acquired or dissolved at a premium over its market price, you may be buying assets.

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Rule No. 9 Aggressively monitor your investments

Expect and react to change. No bull market is permanent. No bear market is permanent. And there are no stocks that you can buy and forget. The pace of change is too great. Being relaxed, as Hooper advised, doesn’t mean being complacent.

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Rule No. 10 Don’t panic

Sometimes you won’t have sold when everyone else is buying,  and you’ll be caught in a market crash such as we had in 1987. There you are, facing a 15% loss in a single day. Maybe more.

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Don’t rush to sell the next day. The time to sell is before the crash, not after. Instead, study your portfolio. If you didn’t own these stocks now, would you buy them after the market crash? Chances are you would. So the only reason to sell them now is to buy other, more attractive stocks. If you can’t find more attractive stocks, hold on to what you have.

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Rule No. 11 Learn from your mistakes

The only way to avoid mistakes is not to invest–which is the biggest mistake of all. So forgive yourself for your errors. Don’t become discouraged, and certainly don’t try to recoup your losses by taking bigger risks. Instead, turn each mistake into a learning experience. Determine exactly what went wrong and how you can avoid the same mistake in the future.

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The investor who says, “This time is different,” when in fact it’s virtually a repeat of an earlier situation, has uttered among the four most costly words in the annals of investing.

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The big difference between those who are successful and those who are not is that successful people learn their mistakes and the mistakes of others.

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Rule No. 12 Begin with a prayer

If you begin with a prayer, you can think more clearly and make fewer mistakes.

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Rule No. 13 Outperforming the market is a difficult task

The challenge is not simply making better investment decisions than the average investor. The real challenge is making investment decisions that are better than those of the professionals who manage the big institutions.

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Remember, the unmanaged market indexes such as the S&P500 don’t pay commissions to buy and sell stocks. They don’t pay salaries to securities analysts or portfolio managers. And, unlike the unmanaged indexes, investment companies are never 100% invested, because they need to have cash on hand to redeem shares.

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So any investment company that consistently outperforms the market is actually doing a much better job than you might think. And if it not only consistently outperforms the market, but does so by a significant degree, it is doing a superb job.

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Rule No. 14 An investor who has all the answers doesn’t even understand all the questions

A cocksure approach to investing will lead, probably sooner than later, to disappointment if not outright disaster. Even if we can identify an unchanging handful of investing principles, we cannot apply these rules to an unchanging universe of investments–or an unchanging economic and political environment. Everything is in a constant state of change, and the wise investor recognizes that success is a process of continually seeking answers to new questions.

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Rule No. 15 There’s no free lunch

This principle covers and endless list of admonitions. Never invest on sentiment. The company that gave you your first job, or built the car you ever owned, or sponsored a favorite television show of long ago may be a fine company. But that doesn’t mean its stock is a fine investment. Even if the corporation is truly excellent, prices of its shares may be too high.

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Never invest in initial public offering (IPO) to “save” the commission. That commission is built into the price of the stock–a reason why most new stocks decline in value after the offering. This does not mean you should never buy an IPO.

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Never invest solely on a tip. Why, that’s obvious, you might say. It is. But you would be surprised how many investors, people who are well-educated and successful, do exactly this. Unfortunately, there is something psychologically compelling about a tip. Its very nature suggests inside information, a way to turn a fast profit.

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Rule No. 16 Do not be fearful or negative too often

For 100 years optimists have carried the day in U.S. stocks. Even in the dark ’70s, many professional money managers–and many individual investors too–made money in stocks, especially those of smaller companies.

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There will, of course, be corrections, perhaps even crashes. But, over time, our studies indicate stocks do go up…and up…and up. With the fall of communism and the sharply reduced threat of nuclear war, it appears that the U.S. and some form of an economically united Europe may be about to enter the most glorious period in their history.

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As national economies becomes more integrated and interdependent, as communication becomes easier and cheaper, business is likely to boom. Trade and travel will grow. Wealth will increase. And stock prices should rise accordingly.

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By the time the 21st century begins–it’s just around the corner, you know–I think there is at least an even chance that the Dow Jones Industrials may have reached 6,000, perhaps more.

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Chances are that certain other indexes will have grown even more. Despite all the current gloom about the economy, and about the future, more people will have more money than ever before in history. And much of it will be invested in stocks.

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And throughout this wonderful time, the basic rules of building wealth by investing in stocks will hold true. In this century or the next it’s still “Buy low, sell high.”

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>> back to Investor Education – Home

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